Sense8: a new model for transnational TV series
In recent years, the popular multimedia platform Netflix has gone from
distributing series and movies to producing its own series. Some of these
series have become immensely popular. The list includes names such as Narcos, House of Cards and Orange is the New Black. Another one of Netflix’s series that has become widely popular in a
short period of time is Sense8.
It is a series from J. Michael Straczynski, and Anna and Andy Wachowski,
creators of The Matrix. Wired describes
it as the following: “It’s the story of eight strangers from around the world who develop
a psychic link that allows them to pool their knowledge and abilities”. It got an 8.4 rating on IMBD which quickly resulted in requests for a second season on
Netflix. The series’ structure is quite different from most other series when
it comes to the matter of cultural representation and diversity, whereas their
narrative style - Science Fiction - is typically American. In this blogpost we
will separate content from form. Although Sense8
is an American production which affirms their hegemony on the global market,
its content challenges that same domination by giving each culture the same
amount of screen time and trying to be as authentic as possible by casting
natives to the different cities.
In this week’s blogpost we would like to use three articles that deal
with the media industries in translocal contexts. Daniela Berghahn and Claudia
Sternberg look at migrant and diasporic cinema and analyze its frameworks,
emphases, approaches and aesthetic choices (12). Daya Kishan Thussu tries to
study how Bollywood challenges the American cultural hegemony and thereby
questions the term ‘media globalization’ in a transnational context (119). Chua
Beng Huat acknowledges the domination of the United States in global
consumption, and uses that in order to analyze the regional ‘East Asian Pop
Culture’ industry.
For many years now, people
have spoken of globalization of culture. Whether you are born in South-America,
Europe, or Asia, you are able to wear the same clothes, listen to the same
music, and watch the same movies. Yet, the fact that you can eat at a
McDonald’s restaurant in Tokyo, wear Levi Strauss & Co. jeans in
Mexico-City, or go to a cinema in Nijmegen and see the same film that is currently
shown in New York City, is not necessarily globalization of culture, but rather
“Americanization”. The origins of most of these cultural products are in the
United States. For a long time, series that gained worldwide popularity were
often series that were based on American culture. One of the exceptions
content-wise is Sense8.
In Sense8, the plot links eight strangers from around the world
through a psychic connection. The series goes deep into the lives and cultures
of each of these characters. The video material was shot in nine cities around
the world, namely Seoul, Nairobi, Chicago, San Francisco, Ice-Land, London,
Mumbai, Berlin and Mexico City. All eight protagonists, who are called
“Sensates”, are set in a particular city and are natives to that culture. The
viewer quickly becomes acquainted with different struggles in different cultures
that are connected to themes such as cultural taboos, political structures,
religion, gender roles and sexuality.
Interestingly, the directors
specifically cast actors who are actual natives from each of those cities,
according to the behind-the-scenes documentary Sense 8: Creating the World.
Authenticity in terms of
culture and representation seems to be quite important in the creation of this
series. That becomes evident when, for instance, the viewer finds out that
actress Jamie Clayton - who plays the transgender hacktivist Nomi Marks in Sense 8 - is an actual transgender in
real life. There is also not one dominant culture in the series when looking at
screen time or aesthetic choices, apart from the fact that English is the
spoken language throughout the entire series. Moreover, many American produced
series or (comedy) movies, such as Eurotrip, You don’t mess with the
Zohan
and The Big Bang Theory's character Rajesh Koothrappali, have a tendency to bring forth (unrealistic)
racial or cultural stereotypes of the peoples or countries they are trying to
depict. This habit only reaffirms the dominance of American culture as the main
perspective through which other countries or peoples are viewed.
Sense8
marks the beginning of a new kind of “transnational cinema”. It seeks to do
research on transnationalism and uses indigenous people to represent a specific
culture as accurate as possible (Berghahn & Stenberg 21). According to
scholars J.E. Braziel and A. Mannur, “transnationalism may be defined as the
flow of people, ideas, goods and capital across national territories in a way
that undermines nationality and nationalism as discrete categories of
identification, economic organization, and political constitution” (Berghahn
& Stenberg 21).
As a new Netflix series, Sense8 has the potential to reach a
broader international audience for a number of reasons. First of all, since it
is a Netflix original series, it should be available everywhere in the world
where Netflix is accessible, as opposed to locally produced series that are
only available in a select number of countries or regions. Secondly, the
interest in diversity and cultural backgrounds in Sense 8’s international cast shows “the recognition of the decline
of national sovereignty as a regulatory force in global coexistence” (Ezra and
Rowden in Berghahn and Sternberg 21). In this case, ‘true globalization’ in
movies and series will begin to replace Americanization. Thirdly, Sense8 is inclusive in the sense that it
gives audiences from all over the world a better way to easily connect to an
array of other cultures, cultures which they would otherwise not easily connect
or come in contact with.
Scholar Chua Beng Huat also
argues in his article, through the experience of media sociologist Yoshitaka
Mori, that exposure to different cultures in series and television can actually
have the potential to change a viewer’s perspective on cultures, as opposed to
holding onto pre-existing stereotypes (Huat 234). Transnational cinema and the
rise thereof in this sense “assumes a new perspective, placing emphasis on ‘the
global networks of production, distribution and exhibition with which national
cinemas function’” (Berghahn & Stenberg 21).
In conclusion, we have used Sense8 as a case study to demonstrate
how this Netflix original series challenges the American hegemony on the global
television market and incorporates eight different cultures into one narrative,
actually using actors native to those various cities, but at the same time
affirms Americanization as it is a US production, uses a typical American
narrative style, and uses English as their main language. It is at least a step
in the direction of globalization and of defying US dominance.
Proposal:
Although Sense8 is a US production,
its content challenges the American hegemony on global cultural markets by
showing eight different cultures as authentic as possible within that frame.
Works
Cited
- Chua Beng Huat (2011), ‘East Asian Pop
Culture’, in: Felicia Chan, Angelina Karpovich & Xin Zhang (eds.), Genre in Asian Film and Television: New
Approaches. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 222-245.
- Daya Kishan Thussu (2012), ‘Cultural
Practices and Media Production: The Case of Bollywood’, in: Isabelle Rigoni
& Eugénie Saitta (eds.) Mediating
Cultural Diversity in a Globalised Public Space. Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan, pp 119-134.
- Daniela Berghahn & Claudia Sternberg
(2010), ‘Locating Migrant and Diasporic Cinema in Contemporary Europe’, in:
Daniela Berghahn & Claudia Sternberg (eds.), European Cinema in Motion: Migrant and Diasporic Film in Contemporary
Europe. Basingstoke:
Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 12-49.
Initials: GK, RO, AL